Instrumentation and Control: Measurement of Concentration

State the general purpose of analytical measurements. Define the following terms: “concentration,” “density,” “clarity,” “humidity,” “moisture,” and “analyzer.” Explain what pH measurements represent. Explain how a pH scale is structured and how to interpret pH values. Describe the basic operation of a typical pH analyzer and a typical electrical conductivity measuring device. Describe the basic operation of a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, a thermal conductivity gas analyzer, and a chromatograph.